Blockchain applications still face several technological challenges, e.g. scalability. But the real challenges are different.

1. Use-Cases:
   Which applications can benefit right now from distributed ledger technologies? And where we still need to wait some years before blockchain technology will be adopted?
2. Regulation:
   In which areas it is possible to use blockchain technology? What is the regulator’s view?
3. Legal:
   Are smart contracts legally binding? Are records kept in a blockchain enforceable? Who will drive the change: lawmakers, regulators or industry bodies?
4. Standards:
   How to agree on common standards in public blockchains? How to manage and to further develop those standards at a later stage with broad public consent?
5. Governance:
   How to manage private blockchains without a central database? How to create trust?
6. Transparency and anonymity:
   What is the right level of transparency? Is pseudo-anonymity acceptable for most use cases or do we need something different?